Lagrangian measurements and modelling of fluid advection in the inner surf and swash zones     

T.E. Baldock  A. KudoP.A. Guard  J.M. AlsinaM.P. Barnes 《Coastal Engineering》2008

New laboratory and field data are presented on fluid advection into the swash zone. The data illustrate the region of the inner surf zone from which sediment can be directly advected into the swash zone during a single uprush, which is termed the advection length. Experiments were conducted by particle tracking in a Lagrangian reference frame, and were performed for monochromatic breaking waves, solitary bores, non-breaking solitary waves and field conditions. The advection length is normalised by the run-up length to give an advection ratio, A, and different advection ratios are identified on the basis of the experimental data. The data show that fluid enters the swash zone from a region of the inner surf zone that can extend a distance seaward of the bore collapse location that is approximately equal to half of the run-up length. This region is about eight times wider than the region predicted by the classical swash solution of Shen and Meyer [Shen, M.C., Meyer, R.E., 1963. Climb of a bore on a beach. Part 3. Runup. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 16, 113–125], as illustrated by Pritchard and Hogg [Pritchard, D., Hogg, A.J., 2005. On the transport of suspended sediment by a swash event on a plane beach. Coastal Engineering 52, 1–23]. Measured advection ratios for periodic waves show no significant trend with Iribarren number, consistent with self-similarity in typical swash flows. The data are compared to recent characteristic solutions of the non-linear shallow water wave (NLSW) equations and both finite difference and finite volume solutions of the NLSW equations.  相似文献   

Spurious diapycnal mixing in terrain-following coordinate models: The problem and a solution   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Patrick Marchesiello  Laurent Debreu  Xavier Couvelard 《Ocean Modelling》2009,26(3-4):156-169

In this paper, we identify a crucial numerical problem in sigma coordinate models, leading to unacceptable spurious diapycnal mixing. This error is a by-product of recent advances in numerical methods, namely the implementation of high-order diffusive advection schemes. In the case of ROMS, spurious mixing is produced by its third-order upwind advection scheme, but our analysis suggests that all diffusive advection schemes would behave similarly in all sigma models. We show that the common idea that spurious mixing decreases with resolution is generally false. In a coarse-resolution regime, spurious mixing increases as resolution is refined, and may reach its peak value when eddy-driven lateral mixing becomes explicitly resolved. At finer resolution, diffusivities are expected to decrease but with values that only become acceptable at resolutions finer than the kilometer. The solution to this problem requires a specifically designed advection scheme. We propose and validate the RSUP3 scheme, where diffusion is split from advection and is represented by a rotated biharmonic diffusion scheme with flow-dependent hyperdiffusivity satisfying the Peclet constraint. The rotated diffusion operator is designed for numerical stability, which includes improvements of linear stability limits and a clipping method adapted to the sigma-coordinate. Realistic model experiments in a southwest Pacific configuration show that RSUP3 is able to preserve low dispersion and diffusion capabilities of the original third-order upwind scheme, while preserving water mass characteristics. There are residual errors from the rotated diffusion operator, but they remain acceptable. The use of a constant diffusivity rather than the Peclet hyperdiffusivity tends to increase these residual errors which become unacceptable with Laplacian diffusion. Finally, we have left some options open concerning the use of time filters as an alternative to spatial diffusion. A temporal discretization approach to the present problem (including implicit discretization) will be reported in a following paper.  相似文献   

一次黄海海雾成因分析及数值模拟试验   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

程相坤  程航  徐杰  马雁军 《气象与环境学报》2013,29(6):15-23

根据GOES-9(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite）可见光卫星云图和韩国济州岛探空资料等,利用RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模式（6.1版）对2009年3月17-18日发生在黄海海域的一次大风条件下出现的海雾天气进行模拟。结果表明：与卫星云图所显示的雾区范围相比,模拟结果对海雾的生成、发展、移动都有较好吻合;云水混合比是影响大气水平能见度分布的主要因子,云水混合比大值区主要集中在距地面300 m以下的低空;雾区存在几个云水混合比大值区,并分布在不同的高度,说明海雾的团状不均匀结构;海上平流雾常发生在风速较大的情况下,RAMS模式对此具有一定的模拟能力。  相似文献   

梅州城区雾和霾的气候特征分析     

郭青  魏远强  曾东好  刘小燕  罗周霞 《广西气象》2013,(4):27-30

为了研究本地区雾和霾的规律和趋势,利用梅州市气象局1990-2008年近20a的雾日和霾日统计资料,通过线性回归分析的方法从年、季和持续时间上分析了梅州城区的雾、霾气候特征.结果表明：1990-2008年期间梅州城区雾日数呈逐渐显著性减少的趋势,年雾日数减少幅度为0.4561d/a,霾日数从2005年之后开始呈明显增加趋势;雾在冬季最多,秋季和夏季最少,霾在冬季最多,夏季最少.另外,霾一年四季均有出现,且出现的几率不断增加,持续时间也不断增长.  相似文献   

2013年9月大气环流和天气分析     

聂高臻  何立富 《气象》2013,39(12):1663-1670

2013年9月环流特征如下：极涡分裂,主体位于西半球;里海以北有阻塞形势出现,西太平洋副高强度较常年偏强、位置偏西。全国平均降水量69.3 mm,较常年同期偏多6.1%,华西部分地区秋雨明显,河南北部等地降水量不足常年20%,有中到重度气象干旱;全国平均气温16.8℃,较常年同期偏高0.2℃。9月我国的大范围强降水过程有2次,其中一次与热带气旋活动有关。9月共有8个热带气旋在南海和西北太平洋活动,较常年同期平均偏多3个,其中“天兔”是近40年来登陆粤东沿海的最强台风。全国17个省（区、市）发生风雹灾害;我国中东部出现雾霾天气。  相似文献   

2020年1月大气环流和天气分析     

江琪  桂海林  徐冉 《气象》2020,46(4):575-580

2016年1月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,东亚大槽位置较常年同期偏东偏北,强度偏弱。1月,全国平均降水量为23.3 mm,较常年同期（13.2 mm）偏多77%,为1961年以来历史同期第二多。1月,全国平均气温为-3.6℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高1.4℃,月内冷空气较弱,我国中东部雾 霾天气频发,共有三次大范围持续性雾 霾过程,分别为1月3—5日、16—18日和22—28日。此外,月内共有四次降水过程。  相似文献   

2020年夏季海洋天气评述          下载免费PDF全文

向纯怡  黄彬  柳龙生 《山东气象》2020,40(4):11-21

2020年夏季（6—8月）,北半球极涡呈现明显的单极型分布,极涡主体位于北极圈内,中心偏向东半球,中高纬环流呈现4波型分布。6—7月,西太平洋副热带高压较常年平均偏强,且位置偏西偏南,不利于热带气旋活动。2020年夏季共有8个热带气旋在西北太平洋和南海生成,其中7月没有热带气旋生成。除西北太平洋和南海之外,其他热带洋面另有20个热带气旋生成,其中北大西洋11个,东太平洋8个,北印度洋1个。受偏南暖湿气流的影响,我国北方海域多海雾天气。同时受入海气旋活动影响,多海上大风过程。夏季近海海域共出现了7次比较明显的海雾过程,其中6月3次,7月1次,8月3次。大风过程出现了10次, 2次由热带气旋影响,7次与入海气旋活动有关。发生2 m以上的大浪过程12次,6—8月分别出现了4次、5次和3次。  相似文献   

A Spectrum-Independent Procedure for Correcting Eddy Fluxes Measured with Separated Sensors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Johannes Laubach  Keith G. McNAUGHTON 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,89(3):445-467

We investigate flux underestimates in eddy correlation measurements that are caused by horizontal separation of the sensors. A common eddy correlation setup consists of a sonic anemometer and a humidity sensor which, because of its bulk, must be placed some distance away from the sonic path, leading to a flux loss (of latent heat). Utilizing an additional fast temperature sensor placed near the humidity sensor, we develop a procedure for correcting for this loss. The procedure simultaneously corrects the sensible heat flux for the difference between true temperature and sonic temperature. Our correction procedure, which does not depend on the shape of the cospectrum, is then compared to the widely-used procedure following Moore (1986), which assumes a cospectral model ('Kansas Model). Both correction methods are applied to data collected within the internal boundary layer over a rice paddy, downwind of arid land. Under conditions of good fetch, they were found to agree well. Under poor fetch conditions, the model-based correction tended to be too small, while the spectrum-independent combined correction was robust. The latter is thus recommended for situations where the cospectral shape can be expected to deviate from the 'Kansas shape.  相似文献   

Unsteadiness as a cause of non-equality of eddy diffusivities for heat and vapour at the base of an advective inversion   总被引：8，自引：8，他引：0  

K. G. McNaughton  J. Laubach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,88(3):479-504

This paper examines the effect of non-stationarity of the wind on similarity of the eddy diffusivities for heat and vapour within a stable layer at the bottom of an internal boundary layer formed downwind of a dry-to-wet transition. First, we present some experimental data taken above a rice crop downwind of very extensive dry range lands at Warrawidgee, NSW, Australia. These data establish that periods of higher wind speed were associated with periods of higher saturation deficit in the canopy of the rice crop, and lower Bowen ratio. It is shown that Bowen ratios calculated for 30-second sub-intervals varied three-fold within a single 20-minute averaging period. Thus periods of higher wind speed corresponded to periods of higher moisture flux and smaller sensible heat flux.An idealized situation is then analysed theoretically. It is assumed that the time scale of the slow variations of the wind is long compared with the surface-layer time scale and that fetch is sufficient that the air near the ground is in continuous equilibrium with the surface. Using a two-scale Reynolds decomposition of the fluctuating wind and scalar variables into active and inactive components, it is shown that unsteadiness can lead to an eddy diffusivity for saturation deficit, calculated as the ratio of average flux to average gradient, that is larger than that for total energy calculated in a similar way. Using this ratio to calculate the ratio of diffusivities for temperature and humidity, K_T/K_q, it is found that the latter can be much larger than one if the Bowen ratio is small and negative. Despite this, assuming K_T = K_q and using the Bowen ratio method to calculate surface energy fluxes will usually incur only minor errors.  相似文献   

Fast Oxidation Reaction of Nitrite by Dissolved Oxygen in the Freezing Process in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase     

Norimichi Takenaka  Tohru Daimon  Akihiro Ueda  Keiichi Sato  Masaru Kitano  Hiroshi Bandow  Yasuaki Maeda 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1998,29(2):135-150

Nitrite oxidation in the tropospheric aqueous phase by freezing was evaluated by freezing a field sample. Nitrite oxidation by dissolved oxygen in the freezing process is much faster than by other oxidation processes, such as reactions with ozone, hydrogen peroxide or dissolved oxygen in an aqueous solution at pHs 3 to –6. At pH 4.5 and 25°C, the lifetime of nitrite in the aqueous phase is ca. 1 hr in oxidation by ozone (6×10^-10 mol dm^-3), ca. 10 hr in oxidation by H₂O₂ (2×10^-4 mol dm^-3), and 7.5 hr (Fischer and Warneck, 1996) in photodissociation at midday in summer. Under the same conditions at a temperature below 0°C, the lifetime of nitrite in the freezing process is estimated as ca. 2 sec when the droplets are frozen within a second. The reaction by freezing is affected by the presence of salts, such as NaCl or KCl, or orgnaic compounds, such as methanol or acetone. The results of freezing a field rain or fog sample showed that nitrite oxidation proceeds below pH 6, and the conversion ratio of nitrate from nitrite increases with decreasing pH. The oxidation of nitrite by freezing was also observed in freezing fog particles generated by an ultrasonic humidifier. The ratios of the concentrations of ions in the winter sample to those in the summer sample (or those in the fog sample) were almost the same values. However, the concentration of nitrite in the winter sample was lower than that estimated by the ratios of other ions. From the present study, it seems that the freezing process plays an important role in the nitrite sink process in the tropospheric aqueous phase.  相似文献